SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    8438, 8230, 7449, 8222, 7524, 7525, 7526, 
    8223, 8228, 8229, 8426, 8226, 8227, 
    7308, 8820, 8072, 8225, 8224, 7242, 
    8427, 7522, 7521, 7243, 7516
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 115 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00090

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 75,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 115 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (8438,8230,7449,8222,7524,7525,7526,8223,8228,8229,8426,8226,8227,7308,8820,8072,8225,8224,7242,8427,7522,7521,7243,7516)"
    }
  }
}