SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 
    1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060
  ) 
  AND category_id != 265

Query time 0.00028

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
      "key": "parent",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
      "rows": 13,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060)",
      "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id <> 265"
    }
  }
}