SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    1202, 327, 343, 344, 328, 329, 330, 331, 
    332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 
    340, 341, 342
  ) 
  AND category_id != 265

Query time 0.00052

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "parent", "p_category_id"],
      "key": "parent",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
      "rows": 19,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (1202,327,343,344,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342)",
      "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.category_id <> 265"
    }
  }
}