SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    8772, 7307, 6831, 6881, 7306, 7230, 7321, 
    8611, 7878, 12093, 7775, 7231, 8051, 
    8429, 19430, 19432, 19424, 19431, 8612, 
    16492, 16493, 10045, 10049, 16494
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 115 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00064

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 75,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 115 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (8772,7307,6831,6881,7306,7230,7321,8611,7878,12093,7775,7231,8051,8429,19430,19432,19424,19431,8612,16492,16493,10045,10049,16494)"
    }
  }
}