SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    7884, 7885, 7924, 12379, 7882, 7925, 
    12380, 7886, 7881, 12097, 12096, 12377, 
    12378, 12376, 7879, 7888, 7880, 7883, 
    7889, 12381, 7919, 7920, 7887, 12095
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 115 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00057

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 75,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 115 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (7884,7885,7924,12379,7882,7925,12380,7886,7881,12097,12096,12377,12378,12376,7879,7888,7880,7883,7889,12381,7919,7920,7887,12095)"
    }
  }
}