SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    4340, 4341, 5069, 4234, 4540, 4538, 4539, 
    4584, 4599, 4649, 4515, 4513, 4514, 
    5156, 4472, 4904, 4903, 4585, 4906, 
    4586, 18055, 4214, 4844, 4315
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 115 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00050

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 75,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 115 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (4340,4341,5069,4234,4540,4538,4539,4584,4599,4649,4515,4513,4514,5156,4472,4904,4903,4585,4906,4586,18055,4214,4844,4315)"
    }
  }
}