SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    5030, 5029, 5033, 5028, 5031, 5032, 4348, 
    4445, 4793, 4783, 4790, 18167, 4461, 
    5285, 4464, 4617, 4618, 4619, 5376, 
    5377, 5064, 4905, 5378, 4654
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 115 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00052

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 75,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 115 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (5030,5029,5033,5028,5031,5032,4348,4445,4793,4783,4790,18167,4461,5285,4464,4617,4618,4619,5376,5377,5064,4905,5378,4654)"
    }
  }
}